takt/builtins/en/facets/knowledge/research-comparative.md

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# Comparative Research Knowledge
## Comparative Research Principles
When comparing two or more subjects, align same indicators under same conditions.
| Criterion | Judgment |
|-----------|----------|
| Both subjects' data aligned on same indicator and year | OK |
| Only one side has data | REJECT |
| Indicator definitions differ between subjects | Warning (note the differences) |
| Comparing absolute values without considering scale | Warning (add per-capita ratios) |
### Aligning Comparison Axes
When subjects differ in scale or background, direct comparison can be misleading. Normalize (per capita, per area, etc.) and explicitly state condition differences.
## Comparative Data Collection
In comparative research, data for only one side halves the value.
| Criterion | Judgment |
|-----------|----------|
| Collected from the same data source for all subjects | OK |
| Collected from different data sources per subject | Warning (verify comparability) |
| Data missing for some subjects | Note gaps, limit comparison to available range |
### Determining Non-comparability
When indicator definitions fundamentally differ, report "not comparable" rather than forcing comparison. Identify partially comparable items and state the comparable scope.